Sunday, February 22, 2015

意外的货币战争


本文作者为PIMCO前CEO Mohameda El-Erian。华尔街见闻翻译整理。点击阅读原文。
全球金融危机已过去六年有余,新兴经济体和发达经济体的央行仍在持续空前宽松的货币政策。这条不寻常的路到底还要走多久?

上个月,澳大利亚、印度、墨西哥等国家降低了利率。中国降低了银行准备金率,丹麦开始实行负利率。
即使最为强调稳定的国家也做出了意外的调整。降息之外,瑞士央行意外地放弃了瑞士法郎兑欧元的汇率下限。几天后,新加坡也意外地调整了外汇政策。
更重要的是,欧洲央行承诺实施规模庞大的开放式资产购买计划。尽管有越来越多的警告称,货币刺激政策不但难以推动持续增长,还会推高金融市场的风险偏好,威胁到经济稳定和繁荣;欧洲央行还是决定推出QE。
虽然美国经济比其他发达国家都要强劲,但是美联储在谈到加息时也表示,需要保持耐心。如果就业机会增加伴随着工资增长,那恐怕这种稳定将难以持续。
众多央行新一轮举措反映了对经济增长的持续担忧。尽管此前的货币刺激总量大的令人难以置信,但全球产出依然低于潜在水平,且产出可能走低。
更糟糕的是,疲软的需求和巨额债务使欧元区和日本的通缩预期升温。普通家庭预期商品价格下降,就会推迟他们的消费。公司则会推迟投资,使得经济陷入难以逃脱的下滑通道。
如果产生影响的只有疲弱需求和高债务,那最近的一轮货币刺激就可以直截了当。可惜并非如此。影响经济增长的障碍在很大程度上依旧没有解决,央行没有办法凭一己之力解决这些问题。
首先,央行难以推动结构性的调整,比如基础设施投资、劳动力市场改革和促进经济增长的财政预算改革。这些都推动经济复苏所不可或缺的。不仅如此,央行也难以解决总需求的不平衡,即企业、家庭和政府间消费能力和意愿的差距。此外,央行也无法解决部分区域和人群的高负债。而正是高负债阻碍了新投资和增长。
因此,货币政策对于促进经济增长、稳定通货膨胀、和促进金融稳定而言,效果越来越难以预期。央行被逼上了一条非常不理想的政策道路——因为他们的宽松措施可能会引发不宣而战的货币战争。除了美联储,不少央行都担心本币升值将影响国内企业竞争力。事实上,越来越多的央行正在积极地推动本币贬值本国货币。
世界上最为重要的三大经济体——欧元区、日本和美国,在经济表现和货币政策问题上的差异已越来越大。这给世界其余国家带来不少困惑,尤其是哪些开放的小型经济体。事实上,新加坡和瑞士意外的举动就是对这种差异的直接回应。 丹麦决定停止销售政府债券以降低利率,对抗克朗升值,也是出于同样的原因。
当然,并不是所有的币种都可以在同一时间贬值。当前的贬值大潮尽管不是很理想,但很可能持续一段时间,只要以下两个条件能够满足。
第一个条件是美国愿意继续容忍美元的大幅升值。美国的公司已经频频警告美元走强对其收益的负面影响,更不用说外来游客的下降以及不断恶化的贸易逆差。美国是否会放任美元升值是个不定因素。
尽管如此,只要美国能保持经济和就业机会持续增长,美元升值的负面影响应该不会引发强烈的政治回应。毕竟,外国经济活动对美国GDP贡献甚微。事实上,美国与世界各国复杂的贸易关系将企业和家庭放在生产和消费的等式两边。这是的贸易保护主义在美国难得人心。
当前的经济基本面和金融市场的风险水平并不匹配,金融市场的参与者是否愿意承担这一风险,是决定全球货币贬值潮是否会持续的另一因素。作为当下金融市场实质上最好的朋友,央行在努力推高市场的风险偏好,这并非易事。但是,考虑到可能引发的种种危险,各国央行在这点上只能成功不能失败。
不过,央行最终仍需退出刺激政策。现在的问题是,戒除货币刺激的毒瘾有多难;全球货币战是否会加速央行退出。

Thursday, February 12, 2015

CLSA Fengshui Chart 2015









The Year of the Goat will bring slow improvement but also uncertainty for the Hong Kong stock market and economy, according to investment bank CLSA's annual Feng Shui Index.

The goat's characteristics of slow, steady and hesitant movement will replace last year's galloping horse, CLSA says in its 12th annual tongue-in-cheek report, entitled 'Capricorn Rising'.
(CLICK ON CHARTS TO EXPAND)

Hong Kong will start to pull out of a long period of bad luck that coincided with the handover in 1997, riding along on the mainland's coat-tails as the country is set to enter an eighth 20-year lucky period in 2004, according to the index. That bodes well for China-related stocks, said Kenny Lau, a technology analyst at CLSA.

'China will see very good luck in the next 20 years,' Mr Lau said. 'You must buy China - China, China, China.' On the other hand, 'Hong Kong will not be totally out of the woods until 2007'.

To compile the index, the bank consulted three feng shui masters to come up with predictions on how the Hang Seng Index will perform and which stocks to pick, along with more humorous predictions on politicians and famous people. Mr Lau warned: 'As I say every year, don't take this index too seriously.'

The index began as a way of filling space on CLSA's Lunar New Year cards to clients in 1992 and has since become an annual event, with Mr Lau and colleagues taking to the stage in the China Club yesterday dressed in traditional Chinese robes with the bank's blue and yellow colours.

On a more serious note, CLSA's chief economist, Jim Walker, gave his year-ahead forecast for Hong Kong, saying: 'We are much more optimistic about Hong Kong than the feng shui masters are.' Dr Walker expects growth to pick up this year, with gross domestic product expanding 4.6 per cent and 8.2 per cent next year as exports continue to boom and business investment recovers.

Meanwhile, deflation, which hit its 50th month in December, 'begins to disappear', he said.

Mr Lau said earth and water elements were prominent in the Year of the Goat, a bad sign for the housing market and developer stocks.

'Water is going to turn earth into mud. That's why we don't expect property prices to rise,' he said. Gold and fire elements 'are okay', he said, so 'it is no problem to invest' in financial and bank stocks.